71 research outputs found

    Un dépÎt de renard roux (Vulpes vulpes) du 4e Millénaire av. J.-C. à Entzheim « Les Terres de la Chapelle » (Bas-Rhin) : offrande ou sépulture animale ?

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    L’habitat NĂ©olithique rĂ©cent d’Entzheim « Les Terres de la Chapelle » (cultures de Michelsberg et de Munzingen), fouillĂ© en 2008-2009, a livrĂ© les restes en connexion anatomique d’un renard roux reposant sur le fond d’une fosse de plan circulaire. L’animal, installĂ© en position du repos, Ă©tait accompagnĂ© d’un grand fragment de gobelet et de fragments osseux d’un fĂ©mur et d’un tibia de jeune bovin. La date radiocarbone rĂ©alisĂ©e sur os confirme l’attribution Ă  la culture de Munzingen (3783-3695 cal. BC Ă  1 σ). Nous proposons d’analyser ce dĂ©pĂŽt selon deux hypothĂšses : celle du dĂ©pĂŽt d’offrande et celle de la sĂ©pulture animale. Les nombreux dĂ©pĂŽts d’animaux entiers rĂ©alisĂ©s en Alsace au cours du 4e millĂ©naire impliquent essentiellement des espĂšces domestiques et familiĂšres (bƓuf, porc, ovicaprinĂ©s et chien) ou sauvages (jeunes cervidĂ©s peut-ĂȘtre apprivoisĂ©s et liĂšvres). Le renard n’apparaissant pas dans le spectre des animaux consommĂ©s au NĂ©olithique rĂ©cent, la thĂšse du dĂ©pĂŽt d’offrande est difficile Ă  argumenter. Nous privilĂ©gions, en nous appuyant sur l’existence de sĂ©pultures de chiens au MĂ©solithique et au NĂ©olithique, l’hypothĂšse d’une vĂ©ritable sĂ©pulture animale. Il pourrait s’agir, Ă  l’image des quelques carnivores proche-orientaux retrouvĂ©s en contextes funĂ©raires (renard et chat sauvage), d’un animal apprivoisĂ© bĂ©nĂ©ficiant d’un traitement particulier rĂ©sultant de sa familiaritĂ© avec l’homme.The anatomically connected skeleton of a red fox was found at the bottom of a circular ditch during the 2008-2009 excavation of the recent Neolithic settlement of Entzheim "Les Terres de la Chapelle" (Michelsberg and Munzingen cultures). The animal was placed in a sleeping position and buried with a large sherd from a pottery goblet and bone fragments belonging to the femur and tibia of a young bovine. The radiocarbon analysis dates the bones to the Munzingen Culture (3783-3695 cal. BC at 1 σ). Two hypotheses have been proposed for this deposit: an offering or a burial? Many deposits of whole animal carcasses dating to the 4th millennium BC have been found in Alsace, mainly of domestic species (beef, pork, caprines and dog) or wild species (perhaps tamed young deer and hares). The fox is not one of the species consumed in the Recent Neolithic and the hypothesis of the deposit being an offering does not seem plausible. However, burials of dogs have been observed for the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods and the Entzeheim deposit could fall within this same category. A few comparisons of carnivores found in funerary contexts are known of in the Near East (fox and wild cat), probably tamed animals that benefitted from this special treatment due to their proximity with people.In der 2008-2009 ausgegrabenen jungneolithischen Siedlung von Entzheim „Les Terres de la Chapelle“ (Michelsberg und Munzingen) wurden auf dem Boden einer kreisförmigen Grube die anatomisch zusammenhĂ€ngenden Reste eines Rotfuchses gefunden. Das in Ruhestellung niedergelegte Tier war von einem großen Becherfragment und Teilen eines Oberschenkelknochens und eines Schienbeins von einem jungen Rind begleitet. Die Radiokarbondaten der Knochen bestĂ€tigen die Zuordnung zu Munzingen ( (3783-3695 cal. BC 1 σ). Wir schlagen fĂŒr die Deponierung zwei Hypothesen vor: Die eines Weihedepots und die einer Tierbestattung. Bei den zahlreichen Deponierungen von ganzen Tieren, die im Elsass im 4. Jahrtausend bezeugt sind, handelt es sich ĂŒberwiegend um Haustiere, wohl bekannte Tierarten (Rind, Schwein, Schaf/Ziege und Hund) oder Wildtiere (junge, möglicherweise zahme Hirsche und Hasen). Da der Fuchs nicht zu den Tieren zĂ€hlt, die im Jungneolithikum verzehrt wurden, sprechen nur wenige Argumente fĂŒr die These des Weihedepots. Wir ziehen die Hypothese einer echten Tierbestattung vor und stĂŒtzen uns dabei auf Hundebestattungen, die im Mesolithikum und im Neolithikum bezeugt sind. Es könnte sich wie bei einigen Carnivoren (Fuchs und Wildkatze) aus Grabkontexten im Vorderen Orient um ein zahmes Tier handeln, das bestattet worden war, weil es dem Menschen nahestand

    Les inhumations et les dĂ©pĂŽts d’animaux en fosses circulaires du NĂ©olithique rĂ©cent du sud de la plaine du Rhin supĂ©rieur

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    International audienceThis article presents a synthetic analysis of the human and animal burials in circular pits attributed to the late Neolithic of the southern plain of the Upper Rhine. It is based on new, often unpublished, data resulting from preventive excavations. The large regional corpus allows us to reveal several recurrent traits that permit the study of a complex system with the coexistence of regular, simple inhumations, simultaneous burials associating individuals in a regular position and bodies in disorderly positions, successive burials and secondary burials. The discovery of human bodies and animal carcasses, which were the object of post-decompositional manipulations, allows us to reconstruct a complex act that could be similar to that observed in numerous enclosure wall trenches. We also address the question of the possible existence of human burials realized outside of the funerary context, based on the association of a non prepared body and a deposit of copper objects. A confrontation of the model with data from other regions, notably the Rhone Valley and Germany, allow us to insist on the coherence of the phenomenon of burials in circular pits from one extremity to the other of its zone of distribution.Cette contribution propose une analyse synthĂ©tique des dĂ©pĂŽts humains et animaux en fosses de plan circulaire du NĂ©olithique rĂ©cent du sud de la plaine du Rhin supĂ©rieur. Elle s’appuie sur de nouvelles donnĂ©es, souvent inĂ©dites, issues des opĂ©rations de fouilles prĂ©ventives. L’important corpus rĂ©gional permet de mettre en Ă©vidence plusieurs traits rĂ©currents autorisant l’approche d’un systĂšme complexe oĂč coexistent des inhumations rĂ©guliĂšres simples, des dĂ©pĂŽts simultanĂ©s associant individus en position rĂ©guliĂšre et corps en position dĂ©sordonnĂ©e, des dĂ©pĂŽts successifs et des dĂ©pĂŽts secondaires. La dĂ©couverte de corps humains et de carcasses d’animaux, ayant fait l’objet de manipulations postdĂ©compositionnelles, permet de restituer une gestuelle complexe pouvant s’apparenter Ă  celle que l’on observe dans de nombreux fossĂ©s d’enceintes. Nous nous interrogeons Ă©galement, en nous appuyant sur l’association d’un corps non apprĂȘtĂ© et d’un dĂ©pĂŽt d’objets en cuivre, sur l’éventuelle existence de dĂ©pĂŽts humains rĂ©alisĂ©s hors du cadre funĂ©raire. Une confrontation du modĂšle avec les donnĂ©es issues d’autres rĂ©gions, notamment la vallĂ©e du RhĂŽne et l’Allemagne, permet d’insister sur la cohĂ©rence du phĂ©nomĂšne des dĂ©pĂŽts en fosses circulaires d’une extrĂ©mitĂ© Ă  l’autre de son aire de rĂ©partition

    L’habitat NĂ©olithique rĂ©cent de Geispolsheim « Forlen » (Bas-Rhin) : contribution Ă  la pĂ©riodisation de la culture de Munzingen et Ă  l’étude de ses relations avec les cultures du Plateau suisse et du lac de Constance

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    Le site NĂ©olithique rĂ©cent de Geispolsheim « Forlen », attribuĂ© au Munzingen rĂ©cent, a livrĂ© une sĂ©rie d’ensembles clos contenant des formes cĂ©ramiques inĂ©dites en contexte Munzingen B. Nous y dĂ©celons l’influence des productions tardives de la culture de Pfyn et proposons d’identifier une nouvelle Ă©tape du Munzingen rĂ©cent, baptisĂ©e sans originalitĂ© Munzingen C et caractĂ©risĂ©e par l’apparition de formes Ă  Ă©paulement et Ă  profil sinueux. Cet Ă©pisode peut ĂȘtre datĂ© des environs de 3650/3550 av. J.-C., date tardive confirmĂ©e par deux datations radiocarbone. Cette dĂ©couverte permet d’insister sur la rĂ©activation dans la seconde partie du IVe millĂ©naire d’anciens rĂ©seaux d’échanges reliant la vallĂ©e du Rhin au Plateau suisse et aux rives du lac de Constance. Elle nous a Ă©galement amenĂ© Ă  rĂ©flĂ©chir sur la question de l’évolution de la culture de Munzingen hors de la Basse-Alsace. La transition Munzingen A/Munzingen B n’est attestĂ©e que dans la rĂ©gion colmarienne et le Kaiserstuhl, zone nuclĂ©aire de cette culture et probablement du style du Munzingen B. Si l’expansion du Munzingen B vers le nord de la vallĂ©e du Rhin, jusqu’en Hesse, est bien documentĂ©e, les dĂ©couvertes rĂ©centes effectuĂ©es dans la rĂ©gion de Mulhouse ont en revanche dĂ©montrĂ© que ce style Ă©tait totalement absent du sud de la Haute-Alsace. Dans cette rĂ©gion, tenue Ă  l’écart de l’expansion du style B, le Munzingen A, probablement ouvert Ă  d’autres influences, Ă©volue de façon autonome : quelques indices nous autorisent Ă  postuler qu’il existe bel et bien un Munzingen rĂ©cent de Haute-Alsace (style A2), poursuivant la tradition stylistique du Munzingen ancien (A1) et que nous commençons seulement Ă  individualiser.The recent Neolithic site of Forlen in Geispolsheim, attributed to the recent Munzingen, has yielded a series of enclosures containing ceramic forms unprecedented in the context of Munzingen B. We have detected the influence of late productions by the Pfyn culture and propose the identification of a new stage in the recent Munzingen, which we have unoriginally named Munzingen C, and is typified by the appearance of ceramic forms with rounded profiles. This episode may date from around 3650–3550 BC, a late dating that has been confirmed by two carbon 14 tests. The discovery allows a strong claim to be made that ancient trading networks that linked the Rhine Valley with the Swiss Plateau and shores of Lake Constance were reopened during the second half of the fourth millennium BC. It also invites reflection on the question of the evolution of the Munzingen culture outside of Lower Alsace. The Munzingen A–Munzingen B transition is only attested in the region of Colmar and the Kaiserstuhl, the nuclear zone of this culture, and probably also of the Munzingen B style. Whereas the expansion of Munzingen B towards the north of the Rhine Valley (as far as Hesse) is well documented, the recent discoveries in the Mulhouse region have shown that this style was completely absent in the southern area of Upper Alsace. In this region untouched by the expansion of style B, Munzingen A, which was probably open to other influences, evolved independently. A few clues allow us to postulate that a recent Munzingen from Upper Alsace (style A2) really existed that continued the stylistic tradition of the ancient Munzingen (A1) which we are only beginning to identify.Der jungneolithische Munzingen B zugeordnete Fundplatz Geispolsheim „Forlen“ hat eine Reihe von geschlossenen Fundkomplexen mit bisher in Munzingen-B-Kontexten unbekannten Keramikformen geliefert. Wir erkennen hier den Einfluss der spĂ€ten Produktionen der Pfyner Kultur und schlagen vor, eine neue Etappe des spĂ€ten Munzingen zu identifizieren, die wir wenig originell Munzingen C nennen, und die sich durch das Erscheinen von SchultergefĂ€ĂŸen mit S-Profilen auszeichnet. Die Episode kann um 3650/3550 v. Chr. eingeordnet werden, zwei Radiokarbondatierungen bestĂ€tigen dieses spĂ€te Datum. Diese Entdeckung bietet nicht nur die Gelegenheit, die Reaktivierung Ă€lterer Handelsnetze in der zweiten HĂ€lfte des 4. Jt. zu betonen, welche das Rheintal mit dem Schweizer Mittelland und den Ufern des Bodensees verbanden. Sie hat uns ebenfalls bewogen, die Frage nach der Entwicklung der Munzingen-Gruppe außerhalb des Niederelsass zu stellen. Der Übergang von Munzingen A zu Munzingen B ist nur um Colmar und den Kaiserstuhl belegt, wo sich diese Kultur und wahrscheinlich auch der Munzingen-B-Stil herausgebildet hat. Die Ausbreitung von Munzingen B in Richtung nördliches Rheintal bis nach Hessen ist gut dokumentiert, dagegen haben die neueren Entdeckungen in der Region von Mulhouse gezeigt, dass dieser Stil im SĂŒden des Oberelsass völlig fehlt. In dieser Region erfĂ€hrt der wahrscheinlich anderen EinflĂŒssen ausgesetzte Munzingen A-Stil, abseits der Verbreitungsgebietes des Munzingen B-Stils, eine eigene Entwicklung : Einige Indizien berechtigen uns zu der Behauptung, dass im Oberelsass tatsĂ€chlich ein spĂ€ter Munzingen Stil (Stil A2) existierte, der die stilistische Tradition des Ă€lteren Munzingen Stils (A1) weiterfĂŒhrte, und den wir gerade erst beginnen zu bestimmen

    The North Atlantic Waveguide and Downstream Impact Experiment

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    The North Atlantic Waveguide and Downstream Impact Experiment (NAWDEX) explored the impact of diabatic processes on disturbances of the jet stream and their influence on downstream high-impact weather through the deployment of four research aircraft, each with a sophisticated set of remote sensing and in situ instruments, and coordinated with a suite of ground-based measurements. A total of 49 research flights were performed, including, for the first time, coordinated flights of the four aircraft: the German High Altitude and Long Range Research Aircraft (HALO), the Deutsches Zentrum fĂŒr Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR) Dassault Falcon 20, the French Service des Avions Français InstrumentĂ©s pour la Recherche en Environnement (SAFIRE) Falcon 20, and the British Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements (FAAM) BAe 146. The observation period from 17 September to 22 October 2016 with frequently occurring extratropical and tropical cyclones was ideal for investigating midlatitude weather over the North Atlantic. NAWDEX featured three sequences of upstream triggers of waveguide disturbances, as well as their dynamic interaction with the jet stream, subsequent development, and eventual downstream weather impact on Europe. Examples are presented to highlight the wealth of phenomena that were sampled, the comprehensive coverage, and the multifaceted nature of the measurements. This unique dataset forms the basis for future case studies and detailed evaluations of weather and climate predictions to improve our understanding of diabatic influences on Rossby waves and the downstream impacts of weather systems affecting Europe

    Dairying, diseases and the evolution of lactase persistence in Europe

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    Update notice Author Correction: Dairying, diseases and the evolution of lactase persistence in Europe (Nature, (2022), 608, 7922, (336-345), 10.1038/s41586-022-05010-7) Nature, Volume 609, Issue 7927, Pages E9, 15 September 2022In European and many African, Middle Eastern and southern Asian populations, lactase persistence (LP) is the most strongly selected monogenic trait to have evolved over the past 10,000 years(1). Although the selection of LP and the consumption of prehistoric milk must be linked, considerable uncertainty remains concerning their spatiotemporal configuration and specific interactions(2,3). Here we provide detailed distributions of milk exploitation across Europe over the past 9,000 years using around 7,000 pottery fat residues from more than 550 archaeological sites. European milk use was widespread from the Neolithic period onwards but varied spatially and temporally in intensity. Notably, LP selection varying with levels of prehistoric milk exploitation is no better at explaining LP allele frequency trajectoriesthan uniform selection since the Neolithic period. In the UK Biobank(4,5) cohort of 500,000 contemporary Europeans, LP genotype was only weakly associated with milk consumption and did not show consistent associations with improved fitness or health indicators. This suggests that other reasons for the beneficial effects of LP should be considered for its rapid frequency increase. We propose that lactase non-persistent individuals consumed milk when it became available but, under conditions of famine and/or increased pathogen exposure, this was disadvantageous, driving LP selection in prehistoric Europe. Comparison of model likelihoods indicates that population fluctuations, settlement density and wild animal exploitation-proxies for these drivers-provide better explanations of LP selection than the extent of milk exploitation. These findings offer new perspectives on prehistoric milk exploitation and LP evolution.Peer reviewe

    A cyclogenesis evolving into two distinct scenarios and its implications for short-term ensemble forecasting

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    Disponible à l'adresse : http://ams.allenpress.com/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1175%2FMWR2955.1International audienceIn a nonlinear quasigeostrophic model with uniform potential vorticity, an idealized initial state sharing some features with atmospheric low-predictability situations is built. Inspired by previous work on idealized cyclogenesis, two different cyclogenesis scenarios are obtained as a result of a small change of the initial location of one structure. This behavior is interpreted by analyzing the baroclinic interaction between upper- and lower-level anomalies. The error growth mechanism is nonlinear; it does not depend on the linear stability properties of the jet, which are the same in both evolutions. The ability of ensemble forecasts to capture these two possible evolutions is then assessed given some realistic error bounds in the knowledge of the initial conditions. First, a reference statistical distribution of each of the evolutions is obtained by means of a large Monte Carlo ensemble. Smaller ensembles with size representative of what is available in current operational implementations are then built and compared to the Monte Carlo reference: several singular-vector-based ensembles, a small Monte Carlo ensemble, and a “coherent structure”-based ensemble. This new technique relies on a sampling of the errors on the precursors of the cyclogenesis: amplitude and position errors. In this context, the precursors are handled as coherent structures that may be amplified or moved within realistic error bounds. It is shown that the singular vector ensemble fails to reproduce the bimodal distribution of the variability if the ensemble is not initially constrained, whereas it is accessible at a relatively low cost to the new coherent structures initialization

    Représentation numérique et mathématique des structures météorologiques cohérentes d'échelle synoptique

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    TOULOUSE3-BU Sciences (315552104) / SudocTOULOUSE3-SCD-Bib. electronique (315559904) / SudocTOULOUSE-Observ. Midi Pyréné (315552299) / SudocSudocFranceF

    SymPKF (v1.0): a symbolic and computational toolbox for the design of parametric Kalman filter dynamics

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    International audienceRecent research in data assimilation has led to the introduction of the parametric Kalman filter (PKF): an implementation of the Kalman filter, whereby the covariance matrices are approximated by a parameterized covariance model. In the PKF, the dynamics of the covariance during the forecast step rely on the prediction of the covariance parameters. Hence, the design of the parameter dynamics is crucial, while it can be tedious to do this by hand. This contribution introduces a Python package, SymPKF, able to compute PKF dynamics for univariate statistics and when the covariance model is parameterized from the variance and the local anisotropy of the correlations. The ability of SymPKF to produce the PKF dynamics is shown on a nonlinear diffusive advection (the Burgers equation) over a 1D domain and the linear advection over a 2D domain. The computation of the PKF dynamics is performed at a symbolic level, but an automatic code generator is also introduced to perform numerical simulations. A final multivariate example illustrates the potential of SymPKF to go beyond the univariate case
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